The Star-Spangled Banner for the HP-41
Overview
-With the following program, your HP-41 will play the "Star-Spangled
Banner". It uses 2 M-Code routines: "AA" & "BB" listed below.
-It seems impossible to play all the notes with synthetic tones only,
-And even with M-Code, some frequencies remain approximate...
-A second program that employs only one M-Code routine "AB" is also
listed.
2 Micro-Code Routines: "AA" "BB"
081 "A"
001 "A"
3C4 ST=0
258 T=ST
130 LDI S&X
0FF 0FFh
358 ST=C XP
0F8 READ 3(X)
38D ?NCXQ
this subroutine takes a number in CPU-register C,
008 02E3
converts it into hexadecimal and places the result in the S&X field
of C
070 N=C
0B8 READ 2(Y)
38D ?NCXQ
008 02E3
10E A=C
2D8 ST<>T
the beginning of the loop
0B0 C=N
266 C=C-1 S&X
3FB JNC -01
1A6 A=A-1 S&X
3DB JNC -05
3E0 RTN
-The only differences between "AA" & "BB" are the NOP inside the loop and - therefore - the last JNC instruction:
082 "B"
002 "B"
3C4 ST=0
258 T=ST
130 LDI S&X
0FF 0FFh
358 ST=C XP
0F8 READ 3(X)
38D ?NCXQ
008 02E3
070 N=C
0B8 READ 2(Y)
38D ?NCXQ
008 02E3
10E A=C
2D8 ST<>T
the beginning of the loop
0B0 C=N
000 NOP
266 C=C-1 S&X
3FB JNC -01
1A6 A=A-1 S&X
3D3 JNC -06
3E0 RTN
-These routines take 2 integers smaller than 1000 in registers X and
Y
-X determines the frequency of the tone and Y ( and - indirectly -
X ) determines its duration.
-For example 401 ENTER^ 9 XEQ "BB" produces
a B during about 2 seconds.
-The smaller the x-value, the higher is the frequency, more precisely:
| X | AA | BB |
| 0 | C | A |
| 1 | G | F |
| 2 | Eb | D / Db |
| 3 | C | Bb |
| 4 | A | Ab |
| 5 | G | Gb |
| 6 | F | E |
| 7 | Eb | D |
| 8 | ~ Db | ~ Db |
| 9 | C | B |
| 10 | ~ Bb | Bb |
| 11 | A | ~ A |
Remarks:
-As you can see, the notes are not always quite right and I hope that
your ears will be indulgent sometimes...
-If you place numbers greater than 1000 in magnitude in X- or Y-registers,
you'll simply get "NON EXISTENT"
-And you'll get "ALPHA DATA" if registers X or Y contain alpha
string(s)
-In other words, there is no risk of "crash" !
Warning:
-If you place an even integer in register Y , your HP-41 may emit a
strange "frrrrrrrr" after the tone ( press your ear against your
calculator to check )
-It's probably because FFh remains in CPU-register T.
-Simply execute a BEEP or any non-synthetic TONE to remove this
vibration.
-So I've only used odd integers in the following program.
Program Listing
Data Registers: /
Flag: F26
Subroutines: /
-Lines 58 & 64 produce the most doubtful note...
-Line 81 is a three-byte GTO 01
| 01 LBL "SSB"
02 2 03 SIGN 04 LBL 01 05 99 06 3 07 BB 08 99 09 5 10 AA 11 241 12 7 13 AA 14 251 15 5 16 AA 17 251 18 3 19 BB 20 601 21 2 22 AA 23 161 24 1 25 AA 26 161 27 1 28 BB 29 301 30 2 31 AA 32 251 33 5 34 AA 35 251 36 4 37 AA 38 501 39 3 40 BB |
41 121
42 3 43 BB 44 121 45 3 46 BB 47 501 48 1 49 AA 50 161 51 1 52 BB 53 301 54 2 55 AA 56 601 57 2 58 BB 59 121 60 3 61 AA 62 121 63 2 64 BB 65 301 66 2 67 AA 68 301 69 2 70 AA 71 251 72 3 73 BB 74 241 75 5 76 AA 77 241 78 7 79 AA 80 DSE L |
81 GTO 01
82 91 83 5 84 AA 85 91 86 5 87 AA 88 201 89 5 90 AA 91 201 92 4 93 BB 94 501 95 3 96 BB 97 99 98 4 99 BB 100 99 101 5 102 AA 103 201 104 6 105 AA 106 201 107 5 108 AA 109 501 110 4 111 BB 112 99 113 4 114 BB 115 301 116 5 117 AA 118 99 119 6 120 AA |
121 201
122 7 123 AA 124 401 125 7 126 BB 127 81 128 9 129 AA 130 81 131 7 132 BB 133 201 134 7 135 AA 136 99 137 12 138 BB 139 99 140 11 141 AA 142 401 143 10 144 AA 145 81 146 10 147 AA 148 81 149 10 150 AA 151 201 152 7 153 AA 154 201 155 7 156 AA 157 91 158 7 159 AA 160 91 |
161 7
162 BB 163 201 164 9 165 AA 166 201 167 9 168 AA 169 81 170 7 171 AA 172 81 173 7 174 AA 175 201 176 6 177 AA 178 99 179 4 180 BB 181 99 182 5 183 AA 184 99 185 6 186 AA 187 99 188 7 189 AA 190 201 191 7 192 AA 193 401 194 7 195 BB 196 81 197 10 198 AA 199 81 200 10 |
201 AA
202 301 203 7 204 AA 205 99 206 6 207 AA 208 99 209 5 210 AA 211 99 212 4 213 BB 214 501 215 3 216 BB 217 99 218 7 219 AA 220 99 221 6 222 AA 223 381 224 5 225 AA 226 99 227 4 228 BB 229 381 230 6 231 AA 232 99 233 7 234 AA 235 501 236 7 237 AA 238 END |
( 533 bytes / SIZE 000 )
| STACK | INPUTS | OUTPUTS |
| X | / | 7 |
GTO .081 SST ( in RUN mode )
to compile the GTO 01
XEQ "SSB" ( or RTN R/S ) .......
execution time = 81s on my HP-41CX ( with flag F26 set
)
Notes:
-It will run slightly faster on an HP-41C/CV
- ... and a lot faster if you have speeded up your calculator!
-Perhaps you will find this version is a little bit too slow, but if
you prefer another tempo,
change the numbers in lines 05 08 11 ....
77 and 82 85 88 ..... 235 ( the
successive Y-values )
Improvements:
-The tones produced by lines 56-57-58 & 62-63-64 are almost (?)
false notes.
-They can be replaced by 301 2 CC
& 61 2 CC respectively
to give the right note ( a "D" ) where CC
is the following M-code routine:
Warning:
-I recently realized that, unfortunately, CC does not give the correct
note with V41.
083 "C"
003 "C"
3C4 ST=0
258 T=ST
130 LDI S&X
0FF 0FFh
358 ST=C XP
0B8 READ 2(Y)
38D ?NCXQ
008 02E3
2D8 ST<>T
the beginning of the loop
000 NOP
000 NOP
000 NOP
000 NOP
000 NOP
000 NOP
10 NOPs
000 NOP
000 NOP
000 NOP
000 NOP
2D8 ST<>T
000 NOP
000 NOP
000 NOP
000 NOP
7 NOPs
000 NOP
000 NOP
000 NOP
266 C=C-1 S&X
363 JNC -20d = -14h
3E0 RTN
-However, this note sounds a little "odd" because the FFh and 00h are
left in the CPU-register T for a different number of cycles.
Another Micro-Code Routine: "AB"
-Instead of using 2 ( or even 3 ) entries in the FAT, we can combine
the M-Code routines AA BB CC in a single one that I've
called "AB"
082 "B"
001 "A"
3C4 ST=0
258 T=ST
130 LDI S&X
0FF 0FFh
358 ST=C XP
0B8 READ 2(Y)
2FE ?C#0 MS
08B JNC +11h=+17d
0F8 READ 3(X)
38D ?NCXQ
008 02E3
070 N=C ALL
0B8 READ 2(Y)
38D ?NCXQ
008 02E3
10E A=C ALL
2D8 ST<>T
0B0 C=N ALL
000 NOP
266 C=C-1 S&X
3FB JNC -01
1A6 A=A-1 S&X
3D3 JNC -06
3E0 RTN
0F8 READ 3(X)
2FE ?C#0 MS
07F JC +0Fh=+15d
38D ?NCXQ
008 02E3
070 N=C ALL
0B8 READ 2(Y)
38D ?NCXQ
008 02E3
10E A=C ALL
2D8 ST<>T
0B0 C=N ALL
266 C=C-1 S&X
3FB JNC -01
1A6 A=A-1 S&X
3DB JNC -05
3E0 RTN
0B8 READ 2(Y)
38D ?NCXQ
008 02E3
2D8 ST<>T
1D8 C<>M ALL
130 LDI S&X
002 002
266 C=C-1 S&X
3FB JNC -01
1D8 C<>M ALL
2D8 ST<>T
000 NOP
000 NOP
000 NOP
000 NOP
000 NOP
000 NOP
000 NOP
266 C=C-1 S&X
383 JNC -10h=-16d
3E0 RTN
-Now, if x > 0,
AB with y > 0 is equivalent
to AA
AB with y < 0 is equivalent
to BB
-And if x < 0, we get CC
-So, we can change the listing as follows:
Program Listing 2
Data Registers: /
Flag: F26
Subroutines: /
-Line 91 is a three-byte GTO 01
| 01 LBL "SSB"
02 2 03 SIGN 04 LBL 01 05 99 06 CHS 07 3 08 AB 09 99 10 5 11 AB 12 241 13 7 14 AB 15 251 16 5 17 AB 18 251 19 CHS 20 3 21 AB 22 601 23 2 24 AB 25 161 26 1 27 AB 28 161 29 CHS 30 1 31 AB 32 301 33 2 34 AB 35 251 36 5 37 AB 38 251 39 4 40 AB 41 501 42 CHS 43 3 44 AB |
45 121
46 CHS 47 3 48 AB 49 121 50 CHS 51 3 52 AB 53 501 54 1 55 AB 56 161 57 CHS 58 1 59 AB 60 301 61 2 62 AB 63 301 64 1 65 CHS 66 AB 67 121 68 3 69 AB 70 61 71 1 72 CHS 73 AB 74 301 75 2 76 AB 77 301 78 2 79 AB 80 251 81 CHS 82 3 83 AB 84 241 85 5 86 AB 87 241 88 7 |
89 AB
90 DSE L 91 GTO 01 92 91 93 5 94 AB 95 91 96 5 97 AB 98 201 99 5 100 AB 101 201 102 CHS 103 4 104 AB 105 501 106 CHS 107 3 108 AB 109 99 110 CHS 111 4 112 AB 113 99 114 5 115 AB 116 201 117 6 118 AB 119 201 120 5 121 AB 122 501 123 CHS 124 4 125 AB 126 99 127 CHS 128 4 129 AB 130 301 131 5 132 AB |
133 99
134 6 135 AB 136 201 137 7 138 AB 139 401 140 CHS 141 7 142 AB 143 81 144 9 145 AB 146 81 147 CHS 148 7 149 AB 150 201 151 7 152 AB 153 99 154 CHS 155 12 156 AB 157 99 158 11 159 AB 160 401 161 10 162 AB 163 81 164 10 165 AB 166 81 167 10 168 AB 169 201 170 7 171 AB 172 201 173 7 174 AB 175 91 176 7 |
177 AB
178 91 179 CHS 180 7 181 AB 182 201 183 9 184 AB 185 201 186 9 187 AB 188 81 189 7 190 AB 191 81 192 7 193 AB 194 201 195 6 196 AB 197 99 198 CHS 199 4 200 AB 201 99 202 5 203 AB 204 99 205 6 206 AB 207 99 208 7 209 AB 210 201 211 7 212 AB 213 401 214 CHS 215 7 216 AB 217 81 218 10 219 AB 220 81 |
221 10
222 AB 223 301 224 7 225 AB 226 99 227 6 228 AB 229 99 230 5 231 AB 232 99 233 CHS 234 4 235 AB 236 501 237 CHS 238 3 239 AB 240 99 241 7 242 AB 243 99 244 6 245 AB 246 381 247 5 248 AB 249 99 250 CHS 251 4 252 AB 253 381 254 6 255 AB 256 99 257 7 258 AB 259 501 260 7 261 AB 262 END |
( 534 bytes / SIZE 000 )
| STACK | INPUTS | OUTPUTS |
| X | / | 7 |
GTO .091 SST ( in RUN mode )
to compile the GTO 01
XEQ "SSB" ( or RTN R/S ) .......
execution time = 81s with an HP-41CX ( flag F26 set )
Notes:
-The execution time is almost unchanged, provided you key in, for example,
99 CHS instead of -99
-The NEG instruction would be slower...
-Unfortunately, like CC, lines 63 to 66 and 70 to 73 do not give the
correct note with V41.